ok i had this question as well, and mike you did an excellent job helping me to understand it.

so my question now is what is an actual method for removing nitrates from a small system. i have an all in one and i can't control the nitrates. i used rubble because i was told the whole 'bioballs are bad!!!' story. so anyway if i was to keep the rubble and my skimmer, what could i do to effectively reduce nitrates? right now i am stuck at ~40.

~alex