Without an AKC certificate, please don't breed your dog. Also, it IS up to you to make sure that your stud is free from common genetic defects, before breeding. Have him OFA and CERF certified. Yup. I will cost you $$$. But seriously, it's ONLY responsible/right that you get it done. It's just not fair to the future owners of the puppies. Passing on hip displasia or blindness just ain't right. And NO, you can't tell without testing. And YES, I'm a Geneticist by education.